Justice Process

During the previous 30 years the jail populace has changed. 1. There has been a significant Increase in the quantity of African American and Hispanic American Inmates. 2. More Inmates originate from urban regions. 3. More prisoners have been indicted for medicate related and fierce offenses. 4. Previous road posses pull together inside detainment facilities and have brought levels of savagery up in numerous establishments. 5. The ascent of open representative associations have improved working conditions, security methodology, and preparing. E. Current focal point of amendments has moved to wrongdoing control, which underlines the Importance of Incarceration.II. The Goals of Incarceration A. Three models of detainment have been conspicuous since the mid 1 backtalk: 1. The custodial model †in light of the supposition that detainees have been imprisoned for the assurance of society and stresses security, control, and request subjecting the detainee to the authority of the superint endent.. This model was common in rectifications before World War II and overwhelms most greatest security Institutions today. 2. The recovery model †created In the asses, It accentuates treatment projects to change the guilty party. 3.The reintegration model †inked to the structures and objectives of network adjustments, it stresses keeping up wrongdoer binds to family and network. B. Restorative establishments that fit in with every one of these models can be found, yet most detainment facilities are chiefly custodial. Sick. Association for Incarceration A. Measurements 1. Penitentiaries are worked by every one of the 50 states and the national government. 2. There are 1,208 restriction offices; 85 % are controlled by the states. 3. 84 % of the offices are for men as it were. 4. 8% are for ladies as it were. B. Government Bureau of Prisons 1.Jurisdiction of bureaucratic criminal law is confined to wrongdoings including interstate amerce, certain genuine lawful offenses, for example, bank theft, infringement of other administrative laws and violations perpetrated on bureaucratic property. 2. Since the â€Å"war on drugs† in the asses, medicate wrongdoers in government detainment facilities make up about 56% of the prisoner populace. 3. Government detainees are regularly an increasingly complex type of criminal, from a higher financial class, than the ordinary state detainee. 4. Government condemning rules have expanded the likelihood of detainment considerably. 5.The authority of jail is exceptionally brought together with a staff of more than 33,000 who oversee in excess of 150,000 detainees. . The authority works 104 repression offices (see figure 10. 1). C. State Prison Systems - 94% of guilty parties are held in control offices worked by the state; organization of detainment facilities is an element of the official branch. 1 . The all out limit of a state's detainment facilities mirrors the size of the state's populace. 2. States differ s ignificantly in the number, size, type, and area of remedial offices. 3. More than 435,000 individuals work in state organizations. V. The Design and Classification of Prisons A. Structure follows work: the plan of a structure should fill its need. 1. During the prison time, establishments were to advance retribution. 2. At the point when jail industry turned into the center, an alternate plan upgraded the proficiency of workshops. 3. At the point when discipline held influence, accentuation was on the fortification like structure that guarantees security. 4. During the restoration period, new detainment facilities were worked in styles thought to advance treatment objectives. B. The present plan †There are four fundamental models found in America's detainment facilities. 1.Radial Design: Eastern, Auburn, Leavenworth, Roadway, and Trenton. 2. Utility pole Design: most regularly utilized for greatest security detainment facilities: Exaggerator, Marion, Somers, Jackson. 3. Patio Style: mother of the more up to date offices are the yard style. 4. Grounds Style: since a long time ago utilized for adolescent or ladies' offices 5. Today jail development is extraordinarily affected by cost. C. Area of Prisons: As before, most are situated in provincial regions. 1. Despite the fact that most jail detainees originate from urban communities and reintegration has been the prime restorative objective, new establishments are as yet being worked in the open country. . Rustic whites are employed to monitor urban blacks. 3. Numerous residents accept that genuine wrongdoers ought to be detainment, yet not in their locale (NIMBI disorder). 4. Some monetarily discouraged zones have chosen detainment facilities to get Jobs and evangelist the neighborhood economy D. Order of Prisons: 1. Greatest Security Prison †shut care jails hold 35% of detainees); typically a marvelous building with high stone dividers studded with watch towers; intended to forestall get away and to stop detainees from hurting one another. 2.Medium Security Prison: hold 47% of detainees; remotely they take after the most extreme security jail, however composed on an alternate premise and environment is less unbending and tense. 3. Least Security Prison: holds 18% of detainees, the least vicious guilty parties; needs tower monitors and dividers. E. Private jails participant with privately owned businesses to outfit food and clinical administrations, instructive and professional preparing and different administrations. 3. Presently, governments employ companies to house detainee in exclusive offices. 4. By midyear 2003, a sum of 94,361 detainees were being held in private offices. . The private jail business is overwhelmed by the Corrections Corporation of America and Hackett Corrections Corporation. 6. Issues with private offices a. Contrasts in programming b. Costs c. Responsibility d. Legitimate issues 7. Adjustments is a multimillion dollar government-supported venture that b uys applies, materials, and administrations from the private segment. 8. Private business visionaries contend that they can manufacture and run penitentiaries in any event as successfully, securely, and empathetically as any degree of government can, at a benefit and a lower cost to citizens. 9.Private jail partnerships need to dispatch their cells so as to be gainful. 10. Risk of Guards?the U. S. Preeminent Court said that private jail monitors didn't have legitimate assurance under Section 1983 and are completely obligated for their activities when they disregard a secured right. 1 . There are fears that the private enterprises will press to keep up high inhabitance and will be keen on skimming off the best detainees, leaving the problematic ones to the open remedial framework. V. Who is in Prison A. Information on the qualities of detainees is restricted (figure 10. ). 1. A larger part of detainees are men matured of 25-44 2. Individuals from minority bunches 3. Around 40 percent have not finished secondary school. 4. 44 percent of detainees are rearrested with the primary year of discharge. 5. Inside 3 years, around 25 percent of all discharged detainees will come back to jail. B. Old detainees †An expanding number of jail prisoners are more established than 55 and eve lodging, clinical, program, and discharge administration needs that contrast from the In everyone, unique lodging housing normal prisoner. 1. Ought to be made. 2.The old are bound to create interminable sicknesses, for example, coronary illness, stroke, and malignant growth. 3. Jail work assignments must be custom-made to accommodate their physical and mental capacities. 4. Groundwork for discharge to network oversight or to hospice administrations require time and unique endeavors. 5. As individuals get more seasoned they become less perilous. C. Detainees with HIVE/AIDS: In the coming years, AIDS in expected to be the main source of death among guys matured 35 and more youthful; with 57% of the prisoners populace under 35, remedial authorities must adapt to the issue of HIVE. . In 2001, there were in excess of 24,000 HIVE-positive prisoners (3. 2 percent of the jail populace). 2. The high pace of disease among detainees can be clarified by the detainees' â€Å"high risk† practices. 3. Just 18 states test every single new detainee for HIVE. D. Intellectually Ill Prisoners: Mass closings of open medical clinics for the intellectually not well started in the asses; new antispasmodic drugs made treating patients in the network appear retirement possibly works if the medications are taken and facilities and asylums exist to help the intellectually sick. . Vagrancy is the most open indication of the absence of projects for the intellectually sick. 3. With the extension of detainment facilities and more prominent accentuation on open request offenses, capture and imprisonment have become the cost many compensation for their ailment. E. Long haul Inmates †mo re detainees carry out long punishments in the US than in some other Western country. 1. Brutal condemning arrangements of the last 30 years?three-strikes, compulsory essentials, truth-in-sentencing?the measure of time venerated is expanding. 2.An evaluated 11-15% all things considered (well more than 100,000) will serve over 7 years in jail. 3. Long haul detainees by and large are not seen as control issues. 4. Executives must discover methods of making long haul jail life decent. 5. 310,000 detainees are at present carrying out in any event multi year punishments. 6. Every lifelong incarceration costs citizens an expected $1 million. 7. Serious melancholy, sentiments of misery, and other medical issues are normal among long wavers. 8. Long haul prisoners are accused of less disciplinary infractions that transient detainees.

Generating and Pitching Story Ideas

Generating and Pitching Story Ideas With the ubiquitous presence of the Internet, coming up with story pitches and finding out where to pitch them has never been easier. There are publications for just about any hobby, industry, quirk, fetish, subculture and subject you could possibly think of. And resources abound for reaching them.Unlike assignments, with pitches you get to propose writing about something you choose. So think about what you would like to write aboutâ€"stamp collecting? Minorities in the construction industry? Your personal experience with heartbreak? Whatever the subject is, you should be ready to research it, interview people about it and spend a lot of time thinking about it.Nothing new under the sunOf course, whatever it is youve thought of pitching, chances are its been written about before. So you have to find out where and how. Lexis-Nexis, usually available at the local library, is an excellent way to research articles on a certain subject. Google searches on the Web or archive searches on reg istered websites for major publications (which is usually free, although pulling up the archived stories in full may not be) can also give you a reasonable body of material. And plenty of websites with articles on that subject will pop up for free. Also check for organizations that relate to that topic, because they often list articles as well.Shape your pitch with a new angleYou dont have to search for every story written on the subject since the dawn of time. Lets say its a pitch about women in the construction industry. Dont worry about the articles written on this subject that date back more than five years ago. Thats ancient history in the world of publications. Youll probably find a good selection of stories written in major dailies and small weeklies within the past five years, but thats where the next tip comes in.Lets say you find that the New York Times has published a story about the struggles of women to succeed in the construction industry. Does that mean your pitch is already taken? Absolutely not. What it means is that you read the story, get a sense of what it did cover, and shape your pitch so that it will cover a whole new angle or idea that the Times story didnt. Did the Times story talk about women who faced discrimination and went on to own their own firms? Then think about interviewing women who dont own their own firms, but who operate cranes or weld iron. Youll look for women whose stories werent told by the Times. Even if the issue of discrimination is the same, every individuals story is different. Just as good literature offers new twists to old plots, so you can offer new twists to subjects of articles.Also, consider localizing a story for a local publication. Journalists for smaller hometown newspapers often take a story of national interest and apply it to their hometown readers. For example, the Atkins Diet is a nation-wide trend, but you could interview local bakeries about whether theyre losing business, and pitch the story to the editor of a local publication.Now you have to find publications to pitch your great idea to. Fortunately, its not nearly as tough as pitching your book to publishers. I pitched several stories successfully to the New York Times Money Business section via e-mail. This was made possible by nothing more than having the right name and e-mail address. A colleague had the email and name of the Money Business editor. I sent the guy an email with a story proposal that he accepted.Editors, especially at dailies, will be typically harried and easily distracted from strange e-mails. So you have to get straight to the point, while still being polite. Make it clear in the header that you are pitching a story about thus-and-so. Dont ramble on in the body; if the editor wants to know more about your credentials or history, he or she will ask for it. Just pitch the story, emphasizing why it would be something the publications audience will eat up with their coffee or lunch. I believe this top ic/angle/knowledge would be of great interest to your readers because…. Attaching your resume wouldnt hurt, and you can offer to send examples of your writing if the editor wants to follow up.You can also, of course, use snail mail. Be aware, though, that particularly busy editors may take more time to plow through stacks of envelopes than to browse their email inboxes.If there is a particular publication you want to work for, call their main number and ask for editorial. You should be able to find out fairly quickly whether they are accepting freelance articles or not. Checking the website for that publication may also answer the question.An excellent online resource for insider tips on pitching to specific publications is at mediabistro.com. It does require a paid membership, though registration to access job listings that may include freelance opportunities is free. The pitch tips feature a specific publication each day and tell you what the deal is.Take the time to read throug h a particular publication to get a sense of what kind of stories it wants. Editors find it very irritating to receive unsolicited pitches that arent appropriate for their publication. Dont assume! For example, I edit transportation stories for a weekly construction magazine. I look for stories about building major highways, bridges, rail systems and airports. If somebody sends me a pitch about manufacturing the next generation of clean-air buses, that means they didnt take them to glance through the magazine and realize that we dont cover that industry. The pitcher only saw the title transportation editor and made an assumption.That writer, however, could probably do a bit more research and find out that there are indeed several magazines that cater to the suppliers, builders and users of clean-air buses. The writer could also check out publications whose main audiences consists of concerned usersâ€"i.e. environmentalistsâ€"and pitch the story with emissions in mind. It will be a s lightly different pitch to the publication who caters to transit agency officials who buy the buses.When you show that youve taken the time to find out a little bit about a given publication and thus pitch it a story that would work for its readership, youre inherently advertising that youre a good journalist and writer who does your homework.

When A Past Love A Literary Analysis - 995 Words

Remarking upon a Past Love: A Literary Analysis of â€Å"Note to Self† In Dave Margoshes’ free verse poem, â€Å"Note to Self† published on June 30, 2015 in the online literary journal, The Rusty Toque, the speaker is writing down their daily to-do list. Margoshes allows the reader to delve into a piece that combines intimacy with the bluntness of the simple language used. The varied word choice and syntax describe the character behind the writer of the list. In combination, the use of repetition emphasizes key elements in the relationship with the lover. Finally, the structure is used to contrast specific details revealed with vague ideas presented. Using these devices, Margoshes creates an image of how this individual lacks sensitivity and understanding of the sanctity of a relationship by turning it into just another thing-to-do. The title is expressive and yet simple when describing the poem. It gives a nonchalant air, therefore when the reader gets to the â€Å"Write break-up letter to lover:† line it is more powerful since it feels unexpected proceeding the task, â€Å"Pay phone bill† (Margoshes). The decision to write this poem in the form of a to-do list is an integral part in the way the reader sees the speaker. The very title â€Å"Note to Self† shows how the piece is never intended to be read by anyone other than the person writing it. The piece holds the same intimacy as a diary except a to-do list uses much simpler language. It must lack the emotion that a diary would, since itShow MoreRelatedThe Lady With The Pet Dog Character Analysis1481 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary analysis is a key component in understanding all of the depth and story behind a piece of work. Literary analysis, allows for more complexity and involvement; which is why it is crucial for the reader to underst and what to be looking for when reading a piece of work. 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How to Separate Salt and Water

Have you ever wondered how you could purify seawater to drink it or how you could separate salt from water in saltwater? Its really very simple. The two most common methods are distillation and evaporation, but there are other ways to separate the two compounds. Separate Salt and Water Using Distillation You can boil or evaporate the water and the salt will be left behind as a solid. If you want to collect the water, you can use distillation. This works because salt has a much higher boiling point than water. One way to separate salt and water at home is to boil the salt water in a pot with a lid. Offset the lid slightly so that the water that condenses on the inside of the lid will run down the side to be collected in a separate container. Congratulations! Youve just made distilled water. When all of the water has boiled off, the salt will remain in the pot. Separate Salt and Water Using Evaporation Evaporation works the same way as distillation, just at a slower rate. Pour the salt water into a shallow pan. As the water evaporates, the salt will remain behind. You can speed up the process by raising the temperature or by blowing dry air over the surface of the liquid. A variation of this method is to pour the salt water onto a piece of dark construction paper or a coffee filter. This makes recovering the salt crystals easier than scraping them out of the pan. Other Methods to Separate Salt and Water Another way to separate salt from water is to use reverse osmosis. In this process, water is forced through a permeable filter, causing the concentration of salt to increase as the water is pushed out. While this method is effective, reverse osmosis pumps are relatively expensive. However, they can be used to purify water at home or when camping. Electrodialysis can be used to purify water. Here, a negatively-charged anode and a positively-charged cathode are placed in water and separated by a porous membrane. When an electric current is applied, the anode and cathode attract the positive sodium ions and negative chlorine ions, leaving behind the purified water. Note: this process does not necessarily make the water safe to drink, since uncharged contaminants may remain. A chemical method of separating salt and water involves adding decanoic acid to salt water. The solution is heated. Upon cooling, salt precipitates out of the solution, falling to the bottom of the container. The water and decanoic acid settle into separate layers, so the water can be removed. Sources Fischetti, Mark (September 2007). Fresh from the Sea. Scientific American. 297 (3): 118–119. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118Fritzmann, C; Lowenberg, J; Wintgens, T; Melin, T (2007). State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination. Desalination. 216 (1–3): 1–76. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009Khawaji, Akili D.; Kutubkhanah, Ibrahim K.; Wie, Jong-Mihn (March 2008). Advances in seawater desalination technologies. Desalination. 221 (1–3): 47–69. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067

Silent Suffering †A short Story Free Essays

In the beginning, the job of an obesity councillor had its perks, I must admit. I used to crave the enjoyment I received from helping someone who needed me, but I never thought that helping myself would be my downfall. My wife, she hates me, I can see it in her eyes every time she dares to look my way. We will write a custom essay sample on Silent Suffering – A short Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now And my children, what use am I to them now? Too fat to even kick a ball! A little support from her wouldn’t go amiss I reckon, but of course she has a life of her own. I used to be happy, we used to be happy. Then everything changed. My job was everything to me, but how can a fat pig of a man like me show any kind of encouragement for his patients? I think it happened when my father died, we were close me and him. I took four weeks off from work, the wife was away on business and the kids stopped with her parents. All I could do was eat, I thought it would go away, but even now, almost two years later food is all I think about. I suppose the fact I recognise what I’m doing is a starting point, but what have I got to live for now? I really can’t see my marriage making it to the end of the year, they’ll take the kids off me, I’m sure. What kind of a dad can I be? They’ll say I’m mad, they’re probably right too. Look at me! So desperate for someone to talk to that I have talk to the ugly thing staring back in the mirror! Councillor heal thyself comes to mind doesn’t it? It never works you know, bottling things up. It only leads to unhappiness. But when you’re unhappy anyway there’s not really a difference. Sometimes I just want to end it; it’s like a physical pain, burning in my chest. I’ve planned it you know, I’m scared of course, that’s why I keep putting it off. Fat coward! Yesterday at work, suicide seemed inevitable once again. For 15 years I’ve sat at my desk listening to the depressed stories of people like me. Can you imagine what that does to a man? My whole working career has been spent in a cell of depression and my professional mind is telling me it’s definitely taken its toll! I remember my daughter’s sports day a few months ago. She dragged me up for the parents’ race, I tried to refuse but she wouldn’t let me. The whistle blew and away we went. Other dads racing like ruddy hares and then there was me, huffing and puffing at the back. I didn’t even cross the line before I collapsed in a heap, pains tearing through my chest. Teachers rushing around, determined to phone for an ambulance but I wouldn’t have it. I looked up; my wife stood in the distance a scowl on her face as usual. She said later that it served me right, practically calling me a greedy pig in the process! She’s right though, as always. You see, what can a man like me give to the world? I’m just another statistic, another middle aged man with no life. Fat and ugly, that’s all I am! All I need is some pills; I know we have plenty around the house. Just enough to do the job. I’ll take them before I sleep, that way I’ll never feel it, just go to sleep and never wake up. She’ll be happy, I know it. Free to be with the fancy man I know she has! My eyes are closed now, it won’t be long. I left a note in the kitchen telling my kids that I love them. I didn’t say anything about the wife mind you. I used to be a good man, with a purpose! How did I come to be this? How to cite Silent Suffering – A short Story, Papers

Nepalese Handicrafts Research Report Sample on Online Shopping

Question: Write a research report on Online Shopping for Nepalese Handicrafts. Answer: 1.1 Introduction The online shopping also known as e- commerce is a process of initiation, implementation and negotiation of the commercial activities by the use of internet. In this growing competitive world of retail and marketing Nepal has also taken the initiatives to make their products available all over the world especially for the Nepalese people who live in USA, OK, Japan and Canada. Handicrafts, woodcraft, metal craft, paper craft, stone craft and paintings influenced by Hindu and Buddhist culture are the main products of the online shopping site, which can hardly be found in those foreign countries, therefore large number of customers, can be attracted towards this e shopping facilities (Beresford, Kubler and Preibusch 2012). Therefore, this research study focuses on the reliability of the online shopping facilities provided by Nepal to the people all across the world highly influenced by Hindu and Buddhist culture. 1.2 Background of the Topic In this growing competitive world, the business success totally depends on the achievement of customer satisfaction by proving them unique quality of products and services. Nepalese handicrafts, wooden crafts, metal crafts, crystal arts, stone crafts, paper crafts, Thangka paintings, Shiva lingams, Radrakshas, Hindu Goddesses, Vajrapani, Tara statues, Buddha statues, Aparmita, Bodhisatwa are the greatest attraction of the people living in USA, UK, Australia and many others. In this aspect, some of the Nepalese websites like Himalaya crafts, dharma shop are the online marketing stores are presenting glimpses of handicraft products with fabulous and pleasant online shopping experiences (Niranjanamurthy et al. 2013). The major aims of these websites are to provide goods with speed delivery services at its bets cost to the people all around the world. Liang et al. (2014) mentioned that in order to sustain more and more customers and to maintain the loyalty of the customers the online shopping sites should look after their privacy and security facilities to set up a merchant account service. 1.3 Significance of the Topic Clemes, Gan and Zhang (2014) mentioned that people born and brought up in Nepal, however lives in other countries to build up their career or any other reasons hardly found the products that remind their culture and ethics. Therefore, the basic reason to choose this topic for the research work is to analyze and evaluate the online shopping facilities that must be available in the foreign countries with large selection of products at affordable prices. Nepalese people living around the world should have the facilities to access the website from anywhere at any time to get their products with fast tracking and delivery system. According to Hallinan, Friedewald and McCarthy (2012), the online shopping site should be strengthen up with all security protocols and the payment system should make easy for the customers. 1.4 Research Aim Researcher has aimed to address the success factors of online shopping facilities in Nepal that can attract the people of all over the world by providing them unique quality of handicraft, metal craft and wooden craft products (Harris 2013). 1.5 Research Objectives Based on the research aim, the researcher has made the following objectives to find out the key factors of online shopping stores that must be available for the Nepalese people living around the world. In order to achieve the research aims, the objectives are listed below: To identify the needs of the Nepalese people around the globe greatly influenced by Hindu and Buddhist culture To make a reliable website with unique quality of handcraft, woodcraft and metal craft products To identify the factors for building up an effective customer loyalty function To facilitate an platform where people can buy as well see the products 1.6 Research Questions In order to understand the importance and reliability of the research topic the researcher has made the following question What are the needs of Nepalese people living in USA, OK, Canada or Japan? What should be the features of a reliable online website for the people around the globe for buying and selling products over the internet? What are the important success factors that can attain greater customer satisfaction? 1.7 Research Hypotheses Hypothesis 1: H0: Demographics of individuals do not affect the scope for online shopping for Nepalese handicrafts; H1: Demographics of individuals significantly affect online shopping for Nepalese handicrafts; Hypothesis 2: H0: Motivation and learning do not affect the scope for online shopping for Nepalese handicrafts; H2: Motivation and learning significantly affect the scope for online shopping for Nepalese handicrafts; Hypothesis 3: H0: Technology and public policy do not affect the scope for online shopping for Nepalese handicrafts; H3: Technology and public policy significantly affect the scope for online shopping for Nepalese handicrafts; 1.8 Outline of the Study The current dissertation has divided into five consecutive chapters for the better understanding of the major theme of the research work (Adhikari and Asia 2013). The researcher has followed a standard and systematic structure to meet the reliability and transparency of the research study and to provide an easy interpretation to the readers. Chapter 1 Introduction: Brief but clear introduction of the research topic with research aims and objectives are described in this section. In order to support the research objectives research questions are set to drive the entire work in a right direction. Chapter 2 Literature Review: This section includes all the theories and concepts regarding the online shopping facilities of Nepalese items to make it available for the people around the globe highly influenced by the people around the world. The theoretical concepts will help to identify the gaps between the practical evidences and its uses in real case scenarios. Chapter 3 Research Methodology: This chapter focuses on the selection of appropriate research philosophy, approach, technique, design and methods and its implementation to collect useful data and information for successful completion of the research work. The researcher has given the justification for each selection to align it with research aims and objectives. Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Interpretation: Gathered data and information will be analyzed by proper data analysis technique in this section to make an accurate result and outcome for successful conclusion of the dissertation. Detail and clear-cut analysis of gathered data will help to highlight the major factors of online shopping facilities in Nepal to provide unique products influenced by Hindu and Buddhist culture. Feedback of the participants will be taken for the completion of surveys. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Work: At the end of dissertation, this chapter will draw a suitable conclusion from the analyzed data in the previous section. The conclusion is linked up all the research objectives to justify the obtained results. Based on the conclusion, some useful recommendations will be provided by the researcher for future studies and work. 1.9 Summary The significance of the research study has described to state the importance of the research topic in present business scenario of Nepal. The major theme of the research topic is described through various sub sections like research aims, objectives and questions to drive the work in a systematic fashion. The following chapters will enhance the knowledge of the readers by describing the details of the research topic and its concepts. References Adhikari, K.P. and Asia, H.S., 2013. Rapid Assessments of Trades Employing HomeBased Workers in Kathmandu Valley. Ahuja, R., 2016. Mobile Payments for Conducting M-Commerce.Securing Transactions and Payment Systems for M-Commerce, p.158. Bank, N.R., 2014. An Assessment of Export Barriers of Nepalese Products to India. Barnett, T., Pearson, A.W., Pearson, R. and Kellermanns, F.W., 2015. Five-factor model personality traits as predictors of perceived and actual usage of technology.European Journal of Information Systems,24(4), pp.374-390. Beresford, A.R., Kubler, D. and Preibusch, S., 2012. Unwillingness to pay for privacy: A field experiment.Economics Letters,117(1), pp.25-27.

Biography of Pancho Villa, Mexican Revolutionary

Biography of Pancho Villa, Mexican Revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa (born  Josà © Doroteo Arango Armbula; June 5, 1878–July 20, 1923) was a Mexican revolutionary leader who advocated for the poor and land reform. He helped lead the Mexican Revolution, which ended the reign of Porfirio Dà ­az and led to the creation of a new government in Mexico. Today, Villa is remembered as a folk hero and a champion of the lower classes. Fast Facts: Pancho Villa Known For: Villa was a leader of the Mexican Revolution, which overturned the government of Mexico.Also Known As: Josà © Doroteo Arango Armbula, Francisco VillaBorn: June 5, 1878 in San Juan del Rà ­o, Durango, MexicoParents: Agustà ­n Arango and Micaela ArmbulaDied: July 20, 1923  in Parral, Chihuahua, MexicoSpouse(s): Unknown (according to legend, he was married more than 70 times) Early Life Pancho Villa was born Josà © Doroteo Arango Armbula on June 5, 1878. He was the son of a sharecropper at the hacienda in San Juan del Rio, Durango. While growing up, Pancho Villa witnessed and experienced the harshness of peasant life. In Mexico during the late 19th century, the rich were becoming richer by taking advantage of the lower classes, often treating them like slaves. When Villa was 15, his father died, so Villa began to work as a sharecropper to help support his mother and four siblings. One day in 1894, Villa came home from the fields to find that the owner of the hacienda intended to have sex with Villas 12-year old sister. Villa, only 16 years old, grabbed a pistol, shot the owner of the hacienda, and then took off for the mountains. Exile From 1894 to 1910, Villa spent most of his time in the mountains running from the law. At first, he did what he could to survive by himself. By 1896, however, he had joined up with some other bandits and become their leader. Villa and his group of bandits would steal cattle, rob shipments of money, and commit other crimes against the wealthy. Because he stole from the rich and often shared his spoils with the poor, some saw Villa as a modern-day Robin Hood. It was during this time that Doroteo Arango began using the name Francisco Pancho Villa. (Pancho is a common nickname for Francisco.) There are many theories as to why he chose that name. Some say it was the name of a bandit leader he had met; others say it was Villas fraternal grandfathers last name. Villas notoriety as a bandit and his prowess at escaping capture caught the attention of men who were planning a revolution against the Mexican government. These men understood that Villas skills would make him an excellent guerilla fighter during the revolution. Mexican Revolution Since Porfirio Diaz, the sitting president of Mexico, had created many of the current problems for the poor and Francisco Madero promised change for the lower classes, Pancho Villa decided to join Maderos cause and agreed to be a leader in the revolutionary army. From October 1910 to May 1911, Pancho Villa was a very effective military leader. However, in May 1911, Villa resigned from command because of differences he had with another commander, Pascual Orozco, Jr. Orozco Rebellion On May 29, 1911, Villa married Maria Luz Corral and tried to settle into a quiet domestic life. Unfortunately, though Madero had become president, political unrest again appeared in Mexico. Orozco, angered by being left out of what he considered his rightful place in the new government, challenged Madero by starting a new rebellion in the spring of 1912. Once again, Villa gathered troops and worked with General Victoriano Huerta to support Madero in quashing the rebellion. Prison In June 1912, Huerta accused Villa of stealing a horse and ordered him to be executed. A reprieve from Madero came for Villa at the very last minute, but Villa was still remitted to prison. He remained in prison from June 1912 to when he escaped on December 27, 1912. More Fighting and Civil War By the time Villa escaped from prison, Huerta had switched from a Madero supporter to a Madero adversary. On February 22, 1913, Huerta killed Madero and claimed the presidency for himself. Villa then allied himself with Venustiano Carranza to fight against Huerta. He was extremely successful, winning battle after battle during the next several years. After Villa conquered Chihuahua and other northern areas, he spent much of his time reallocating land and stabilizing the economy. In the summer of 1914, Villa and Carranza split and became enemies. For the next several years, Mexico continued to be embroiled in a civil war between the factions of Pancho Villa and Venustiano Carranza. Raid on Columbus, New Mexico The United States took sides in the battle and supported Carranza. On March 9, 1916, Villa attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico. His was the first foreign attack on American soil since 1812. The United States sent several thousand soldiers across the border to hunt for Villa. Though they spent over a year searching, they never caught him. Peace On May 20, 1920, Carranza was assassinated and Adolfo De la Huerta became the interim president of Mexico. De la Huerta wanted peace in Mexico, so he negotiated with Villa for his retirement. Part of the peace agreement was that Villa would receive a hacienda in Chihuahua. Death Villa retired from revolutionary life in 1920 but had only a short retirement, for he was gunned down in his car on July 20, 1923. He was buried in Parral, Chihuahua. Legacy For his role in the Mexican Revolution, Villa became a folk hero. His life has inspired numerous films, including The Life of General Villa, Viva Villa!, and Pancho Villa Returns. Sources Katz, Friedrich.  The Life and Times of Pancho Villa. Stanford University Press, 1998.Knight, Alan.  The Mexican Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016.McLynn, Frank.  Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. Basic Books, 2008.